Passivation for Stainless Steel

At William Hughes, we specialise in precision passivation for stainless steel, using advanced chemical treatments and rigorous quality control to meet the highest industry standards, including AMS2700 and ASTM A967. Passivation is a chemical process used on corrosion resistant steels to remove free iron and surface contaminants without altering the material’s essential properties. This process restores the natural oxide layer, reducing the risk of corrosion and ensuring optimal functionality across a wide range of manufacturing applications.

Whether you require passivation for medical instruments, precision-engineered components, or complex assemblies, William Hughes delivers results that meet stringent industry specifications.

Our Passivation Process

Our passivation process, which is Nadcap accredited and Honeywell Aerospace approved, involves a series of precise chemical treatments that eliminate contaminants from the stainless steel surfaces. Our facility at Stalbridge incorporates an automated passivation plant offering a ‘fluid transfer’, which involves moving chemical solutions from holding tanks into the main processing unit as required, helping to prevent damage as the parts do not move. The entire process is automatic and PLC controlled. Typical treatments are nitric acid and rinse cycles. These are followed by a final rinse in deionised water before a drying cycle.

We offer three service levels: standard five-day, express three-day and super express 24 hours (subject to any testing requirements).

The working envelope size available is 520 x 300 x 200mm.
Our multi-stage passivation process includes:

The Process

  1. Pre-Cleaning: Components are meticulously cleaned using ultrasonic techniques to remove oils, machining residues, and particulates.
  2. Acid Immersion: Stainless steel parts are immersed in a carefully controlled acid bath to dissolve iron contaminants.
  3. Neutralisation and Rinse: Acid residues are neutralised, and components are rinsed thoroughly to remove residual chemicals.
  4. Drying and Inspection: The parts are air-dried in a clean room environment to prevent recontamination.
    This systematic approach ensures that the stainless steel is not only corrosion-resistant but also maintains its mechanical properties and surface finish, crucial for high-stakes manufacturing applications.

This systematic approach ensures that the stainless steel is not only corrosion-resistant but also maintains its mechanical properties and surface finish, crucial for high-stakes manufacturing applications.

Types of Passivation Cleaning

Passivation at William Hughes utilises a range of cleaning techniques to prepare and treat stainless steel components effectively. Each method is chosen based on the specific contaminants present and the intended application of the component.

Acid Cleaning (Nitric Acid Passivation)

This method involves immersing stainless steel components in a nitric acid solution to dissolve free iron and other contaminants from the surface. Nitric acid passivation is highly effective for removing iron particles embedded during machining and restoring the protective oxide layer.

  • Ideal For: Aerospace components, automotive parts, and general manufacturing applications requiring robust corrosion resistance.
  • Compliance: Meets AMS2700 and ASTM A967 standards.

Ultrasonic Pre-Cleaning

Prior to passivation, ultrasonic cleaning removes oils, grease, and particulate contaminants using high-frequency sound waves in a cleaning solution. This step ensures that the surface is prepared for effective passivation.

  • Ideal For: Components with complex geometries or fine tolerances where manual cleaning is impractical.
  • Benefits: Ensures thorough preparation for subsequent chemical passivation.

Approvals and Accreditations

  • AASTM A967: Specification for Chemical Passivation Treatments for Stainless Steel
  • ISO 9001: Quality Management Systems
  • AMS2700 Method 1

Example Application: Ultrasonic Cleaning & Passivation of Stainless Steel Spring Assemblies

In many precision manufacturing applications, particularly when we make spring wire forms from stainless steel, post-machining and forming processes often leave behind localised surface oxidation, residual lubricants, and metallic contaminants. These residues can severely undermine long-term corrosion resistance, especially in environments with elevated humidity or exposure to reactive media such as fuels, salts, or hydraulic fluids.

To mitigate these risks, components are first subjected to ultrasonic cleaning, using high-frequency sound waves in specially formulated cleaning solutions. This non-destructive, deep-penetration method removes oils, metal fines, and oxides from even the most intricate geometries, including coiled or enclosed wire forms. The result is a chemically clean surface, ready for downstream treatments.

Following ultrasonic cleaning, stainless steel components may undergo passivation — a chemical process that removes free iron from the surface and enhances the formation of a protective chromium-rich oxide layer. This step significantly improves the material’s resistance to pitting, crevice corrosion, and surface degradation without altering the mechanical or dimensional properties of the component.

Our passivation processes are fully aligned with ASTM A967 and IATF 16949 standards and are routinely validated through destructive and non-destructive testing. Treated components typically exceed industry benchmarks for corrosion resistance, passing salt spray and humidity testing with wide safety margins. Crucially, no measurable changes in tensile strength or dimensional integrity are observed, ensuring that springs retain their designed performance characteristics, even in high-pressure or high-temperature systems.

This combined approach, ultrasonic cleaning followed by precision passivation, is especially critical in sectors such as automotive, aerospace, and medical manufacturing, where material integrity and surface condition directly influence system reliability. In practice, customers who adopt this dual-process strategy often see a marked reduction in corrosion-related field failures, backed by traceable quality assurance documentation that supports full regulatory and industry compliance.

Quality and Inspection Techniques

William Hughes implements a comprehensive quality assurance programme, integrating advanced inspection methods to validate the passivation process:

  • Visual Inspection: To detect surface irregularities and residual contamination.
  • Corrosion Resistance Testing: Following AMS2700 and ASTM A967 protocols to confirm the effectiveness of the passive layer.

With our commitment to precision and quality, every batch undergoes meticulous documentation and traceability procedures, ensuring compliance with regulatory and customer specifications.

FAQs

These are questions that we often encounter when discussing our Passivation services with a new customer.

Q1 What is the difference between Ultrasonic Nitric Passivation vs. Ultrasonic Citric Passivation?

Ultrasonic Nitric Passivation and Ultrasonic Citric Passivation differ primarily in the chemical agents used and their impact on the material surface. Nitric passivation utilises nitric acid to remove free iron and enhance the chromium oxide layer, offering robust corrosion resistance, especially for stainless steels exposed to harsh environments. Citric passivation uses citric acid, which is less aggressive and more environmentally friendly, effectively removing iron contaminants while preserving surface integrity. Citric passivation is particularly suitable for applications requiring biocompatibility, such as medical devices. Both methods benefit from ultrasonic agitation, ensuring thorough cleaning and superior passive layer formation.

Q2 What standards does William Hughes adhere to during passivation?

We follow AMS2700 and ASTM A967 standards to ensure consistent, high-quality results that meet industry expectations.

Q3 Can passivation alter the mechanical properties of stainless steel?

No, passivation does not affect the mechanical properties or dimensions of the component when performed correctly.

Q4 How does William Hughes ensure environmental compliance during passivation?

Our facility uses advanced filtration and neutralisation processes to minimise chemical discharge and environmental impact.

Q5 What types of stainless steel can be passivated?

We can passivate a wide range of stainless steels, including austenitic, ferritic, martensitic, and duplex grades.

Q6 How do you verify the effectiveness of passivation?

We perform corrosion resistance tests to validate the passive layer.

Q7 What contaminants are commonly targeted in the passivation process?

Passivation primarily removes free iron particles and residual contaminants such as oils and machining residues.

Q8 Is passivation required after every machining process?

Passivation is essential when components are exposed to iron-bearing tooling or when contamination may compromise corrosion resistance.